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Cass County, Missouri

Coordinates: 38°39′N 94°21′W / 38.65°N 94.35°W / 38.65; -94.35
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Cass County
County
County courthouse in Harrisonville
County courthouse in Harrisonville
Flag of Cass County
Flag
Map of Missouri highlighting Cass County
Location within the U.S. state of Missouri
Map of the United States highlighting Missouri
Missouri's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 38°39′N 94°21′W / 38.65°N 94.35°W / 38.65; -94.35
Country United States
State Missouri
FoundedMarch 3, 1835
Named forLewis Cass
SeatHarrisonville
Largest cityKansas City
Government
 • County CommissionPresiding Commissioner Bob Huston

Associate Commissioner Monty Kisner

Associate Commissioner Jimmy Odom
Area
 • Total
702 sq mi (1,820 km2)
 • Land697 sq mi (1,810 km2)
 • Water5.7 sq mi (15 km2)  0.8%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
107,824
 • Density150/sq mi (59/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district4th
Websitewww.casscounty.com

Cass County is a county located in the western part of the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 107,824.[1] Its county seat is Harrisonville; however, the county contains a portion of Kansas City, Missouri.[2] The county was organized in 1835 as Van Buren County, but was renamed in 1849 after U.S. Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, who later became a presidential candidate.[3][4]

History

[edit]

The Harrisonville area was long inhabited by speakers of the Dhegihan Siouan-language family: The Osage, Quapaw, Omaha, Ponca and Kansa tribes make up this sub-group. The Kansa tribal range extended southward from the Kansas-Missouri River junction as far as the northern edge of present-day Bates County, Missouri, taking in the sites of modern Pleasant Hill, Garden City, Archie and Drexel. On their southeastern border they were neighbors of the Osage. There is no evidence that either of these tribes ever had a truly permanent settlement in the territory of Cass County.

Other historical tribes in the area were reportedly Shawnee and Lenape (aka Delaware), whose tribes spoke related Algonquian languages. The Lenape had been pushed to the Midwest from their territory along the mid-Atlantic coast by continuous white encroachment.[5]

In 1818 the United States had granted land to the Lenape in southern Missouri Territory, but they were forced to cede it back in 1825, after Missouri became a state. At that time, they were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Other Lenape had previously migrated south to Texas, seeking refuge in what was still Mexican territory after it gained independence from Spain. Those who remained in the Harrisonville area were close relatives of the Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo tribes.

The early camp meetings held by European-American settlers southwest of Harrisonville often attracted as many as 500 Indians, in addition to Europeans. They seemed to enjoy the enthusiastic religious services, accompanied by hymn singing and socializing, as much as the white settlers did.[5]

The first European-American settler on the site of modern Harrisonville was James Lackey in 1830. Other early settlers were Humphrey Hunt, John Blythe, and Dr. Joseph Hudspeth. Lackey was considered a "squatter," as he built a cabin and enclosed a small field on the tract of public land taken to establish the county seat.

The site of the town was fixed under an act of the Missouri General Assembly in 1835, by David Waldo of Lafayette County and Samuel Hink and William Brown, both of Jackson County. In the same year, the first court met for the county, known as Van Buren County. Justices James McClellan and William Savage met in McClellan's residence about three miles (4.8 km) southeast of Peculiar on September 14, 1835. William Lyon was appointed clerk of the court and county government was organized, including the establishment of Grand River Township.

In the spring of 1837 the town of Harrisonville was platted by Enoch Rice, Francis Prine and Welcome Scott, who had been appointed commissioners by the state legislature in the winter of 1836. These commissioners, in company with Martin Rice, the county surveyor, met at the home of John Cook on April 3, 1837, to resolve Lackey's preemption claim. In May they laid off the town in lots 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the northeast and northwest quarters of Section 4, Township 44N., Range 31W. Within these 160 acres (0.65 km2) there were to be four streets: Wall and Pearl running east to west, and Lexington and Independence going north and south, each less than 40 feet wide. Fleming Harris was appointed town commissioner on April 8, 1837. The first town lots were sold on June 12 of that year; those facing the public square sold at $20 each, the others at $10.

"Democrat" was strongly urged as a name for the new town but was finally rejected. The town was named after U.S. Representative Albert G. Harrison from Missouri. The first house within the town was erected by Jason L. Dickey in 1836. The first jail in Harrisonville and second for Cass County was established in 1838. Its site was 312 S. Independence. One of its successors is recognized among the state's historic sites.

On October 8, 1835, the first church in Harrisonville was organized. Its site was two miles southwest of town and it was known as Hopewell or New Hope Baptist.

Harrisonville eventually was served by railroad lines known as the Missouri Pacific and the Frisco. After a scandal in funding railroad construction by the issuance of bonds, three men involved in the swindle were shot and killed by a mob on April 24, 1872, when their train was stopped on a Katy railroad spur. This became known as the "Gunn City Massacre" because it took place near that city.

In 1857 Cass County had approved a large stock subscription for the Pacific Railroad Company, to support its construction in the area. This corporation later surrendered the bonds to the new Saint Louis and Santa Fe Railroad, from whence they were later assigned to the Land Grant Railroad & Construction Company of New York City. Residents of Cass County gained a court injunction in an effort to prevent the funding of these bonds, but by legal maneuvering and collusion, the company gained a new set of bonds, issued secretly.

The populace was outraged, believing this maneuver was intended to benefit the holders of the now worthless bonds, by re-obligating the county to pay those same bonds. The county attorney, a judge of the county court, and a third man involved in the scandal were shot and killed while on a train stopped between Bryson, Missouri and Paola, Kansas. (It was in or near what is now known as Gunn City). Afterward some 41 men were arrested as suspects and prosecuted for these killings, but none was convicted. At the time of the shootings, a related mob burned a Republican newspaper owned by Porter J. Coston, in Harrisonville, Missouri.[6][7]

By 1860, the year before the Civil War, 12 cities in Missouri had populations of approximately 2,500 or more. Harrisonville ranked 37th, with a population of 675. In 1863 the town was depopulated, as the United States forces pushed the people out in an effort to reduce any local support for insurgent guerrilla activity in the area. Most of the buildings were burned, the jail among them. Fort Harrisonville was a Union stronghold for a brief period in 1863 and provided protection for loyal Union families.

Some of the county's local history is presented at the Pleasant Hill Historical Society Museum, in Pleasant Hill on the northern edge of the county.

Geography

[edit]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 702 square miles (1,820 km2), of which 697 square miles (1,810 km2) is land and 5.7 square miles (15 km2) (0.8%) is water.[8]

Adjacent counties

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Cass County is one of the few counties in the US to border two counties of the same name in different states (Johnson County in Missouri and Kansas).

Major highways

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Transit

[edit]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18404,693—
18506,09029.8%
18609,79460.8%
187019,29697.0%
188022,43116.2%
189023,3013.9%
190023,6361.4%
191022,973−2.8%
192021,536−6.3%
193020,962−2.7%
194019,534−6.8%
195019,325−1.1%
196029,70253.7%
197039,74833.8%
198051,02928.4%
199063,80825.0%
200082,09228.7%
201099,47821.2%
2020107,8248.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[9]
1790-1960[10] 1900-1990[11]
1990-2000[12] 2010-2020[1]

As of the census[14] of 2000, there were 82,092 people, 30,168 households, and 22,988 families residing in the county. The population density was 117 inhabitants per square mile (45/km2). There were 31,677 housing units at an average density of 45 units per square mile (17/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 95.62% White, 1.42% Black or African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. Approximately 2.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 30,168 households, out of which 38.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.60% were married couples living together, 9.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.80% were non-families. 20.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.40% under the age of 18, 7.30% from 18 to 24, 30.20% from 25 to 44, 22.30% from 45 to 64, and 11.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $49,562, and the median income for a family was $55,258. Males had a median income of $39,001 versus $26,174 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,073. About 4.20% of families and 5.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.00% of those under age 18 and 5.20% of those age 65 or over.

Religion

[edit]

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2010), Cass County is sometimes regarded as being on the northern edge of the Bible Belt, with evangelical Protestantism being the most predominant religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Cass County who adhere to a religion are Southern Baptists (43.71%), Roman Catholics (17.42%), and United Methodists (11.07%).

2020 Census

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Cass County Racial Composition[15]
Race Num. Perc.
White (NH) 89,406 83%
Black or African American (NH) 4,904 4.6%
Native American (NH) 502 0.47%
Asian (NH) 841 0.8%
Pacific Islander (NH) 78 0.07%
Other/Mixed (NH) 6,510 6%
Hispanic or Latino 5,583 5.2%

Education

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Public schools

[edit]

School districts include:[16]

Full K-12 school districts

Elementary school districts:

Individual schools

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Private schools

[edit]

Public libraries

[edit]
  • Cass County Public Library[17]

Politics

[edit]

Local

[edit]

Local politics are controlled by the Republican Party in Cass County.

Cass County, Missouri
Elected countywide officials
Assessor Roger Raffety Republican
Auditor Jack Bondon Republican
Circuit Clerk Kim York Republican
County Clerk Jeff Fletcher Republican
Collector Chris Molendorp Republican
Commissioner
(Presiding)		 Bob Huston Republican
Commissioner
(District 1)		 Monty Kisner Republican
Commissioner
(District 2)		 Ryan Johnson Republican
Prosecuting Attorney Ben Butler Republican
Public Administrator Randy Jones Republican
Recorder Mike Medsker Republican
Sheriff Jeff Weber Republican
Treasurer Steve Cheslik Republican

State

[edit]
Past Gubernatorial Elections Results
Year Republican Democratic Third Parties
2020 64.80% 37,025 32.85% 18,770 2.36% 1,347
2016 56.05% 28,571 40.64% 20,713 3.31% 1,688
2012 49.19% 23,837 47.81% 23,168 3.00% 1,454
2008 45.77% 22,592 52.18% 25,754 2.05% 1,010
2004 53.53% 23,538 44.97% 19,772 1.49% 659
2000 52.74% 18,777 45.18% 16,084 2.08% 742
1996 38.32% 11,038 59.21% 17,055 2.47% 710

Cass County is split between five legislative districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, four of which are held by Republicans and one by a Democrat.

  • District 33 – Chris Sander (R-Lone Jack). Includes the communities of East Lynne, Gunn City, Harrisonville, Pleasant Hill, and Strasburg.
Missouri House of Representatives — District 33 — Cass County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Chris Sander 9,421 100.00% +28.55
Missouri House of Representatives — District 33 — Cass County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Donna Pfautsch 6,140 71.45% +1.39
Democratic Pat Williams 2,453 28.55% −1.39
Missouri House of Representatives — District 37 — Cass County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican John D. Boyd, Jr. 1,852 58.66% +4.28
Democratic Annette Turnbaugh 1,275 40.39% −5.23
Green Daniel Karam 30 0.95% +0.95
Missouri House of Representatives — District 37 — Cass County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican John D. Boyd, Jr. 1,228 54.38% +54.38
Democratic Joe Runions 1,030 45.62% −54.38
  • District 55 – Mike Haffner (R-Pleasant Hill). Includes the communities of Garden City, Peculiar, and parts of Lake Winnebago and Raymore.
Missouri House of Representatives — District 55 — Cass County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Mike Haffner 18,583 100.00% ±0.00
Missouri House of Representatives — District 55 — Cass County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Mike Haffner 13,557 100.00% +36.63
  • District 56 — Michael Davis (R-Kansas City). Includes the communities of Belton, Cleveland, Drexel, Freeman, Lake Annette, and a tiny sliver of Kansas City.
Missouri House of Representatives — District 56 — Cass County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Michael Davis 10,783 62.85% −37.15
Democratic Neal Barnes 6,374 37.15% +37.15
Missouri House of Representatives — District 56 — Cass County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Jack Bondon 10,622 100.00% +31.40
Missouri House of Representatives — District 57 — Cass County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Rodger Reedy 1,824 100.00% +29.97
Missouri House of Representatives — District 57 — Cass County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Rodger Reedy 1,096 70.03% +3.72
Democratic Joan Shores 469 29.97% −3.72

All of Cass County is a part of Missouri's 31st District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Rick Brattin (R-Harrisonville).

Missouri Senate — District 31 — Cass County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Rick Brattin 37,675 67.21% −5.50
Democratic Raymond Kinney 18,379 32.79% +32.79
Missouri Senate — District 31 — Cass County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Ed Emery 34,934 72.71% +9.68
Libertarian Lora Young 7,168 14.92% +14.92
Independent Tim Wells 5,944 12.37% +12.37

Federal

[edit]

All of Cass County is included in Missouri's 4th Congressional District and is currently represented by Vicky Hartzler (R-Harrisonville) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Hartzler was elected to a sixth term in 2020 over Democratic challenger Lindsey Simmons.

U.S. House of Representatives – Missouri’s 4th Congressional District – Cass County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Vicky Hartzler 38,185 67.45% +3.71
Democratic Lindsey Simmons 17,050 30.12% −3.61
Libertarian Steven K. Koonse 1,380 2.44% −0.09
U.S. House of Representatives – Missouri's 4th Congressional District – Cass County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Vicky Hartzler 27,737 63.74% −5.87
Democratic Renee Hoagenson 14,677 33.73% +7.48
Libertarian Mark Bliss 1,100 2.53% −1.61

Cass County, along with the rest of the state of Missouri, is represented in the U.S. Senate by Josh Hawley (R-Columbia) and Roy Blunt (R-Strafford).

U.S. Senate – Class I – Cass County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Josh Hawley 25,861 59.02% +14.45
Democratic Claire McCaskill 16,340 37.29% −9.50
Independent Craig O'Dear 746 1.70%
Libertarian Japheth Campbell 595 1.36% −7.28
Green Jo Crain 274 0.63% +0.63

Blunt was elected to a second term in 2016 over then-Missouri Secretary of State Jason Kander.

U.S. Senate — Class III — Cass County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Roy Blunt 27,532 54.12% +9.55
Democratic Jason Kander 20,628 40.55% −6.24
Libertarian Jonathan Dine 1,542 3.03% −5.61
Green Johnathan McFarland 594 1.17% +1.17
Constitution Fred Ryman 578 1.14% +1.14

Political culture

[edit]
United States presidential election results for Cass County, Missouri[18]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 37,197 64.61% 19,052 33.09% 1,319 2.29%
2016 33,098 64.38% 14,846 28.88% 3,466 6.74%
2012 30,912 62.95% 17,044 34.71% 1,148 2.34%
2008 29,695 58.99% 19,844 39.42% 802 1.59%
2004 27,253 61.63% 16,681 37.73% 283 0.64%
2000 20,113 56.07% 14,921 41.60% 835 2.33%
1996 13,495 46.52% 11,743 40.48% 3,772 13.00%
1992 10,349 34.61% 10,246 34.26% 9,310 31.13%
1988 12,799 55.75% 10,092 43.96% 67 0.29%
1984 14,456 65.79% 7,517 34.21% 0 0.00%
1980 10,105 52.81% 8,198 42.85% 831 4.34%
1976 7,182 43.98% 9,008 55.16% 140 0.86%
1972 9,242 71.24% 3,731 28.76% 0 0.00%
1968 5,271 45.14% 4,468 38.26% 1,938 16.60%
1964 3,665 35.50% 6,658 64.50% 0 0.00%
1960 6,523 53.29% 5,718 46.71% 0 0.00%
1956 5,589 50.06% 5,575 49.94% 0 0.00%
1952 6,000 54.04% 5,089 45.84% 13 0.12%
1948 3,614 39.96% 5,415 59.87% 16 0.18%
1944 4,687 51.84% 4,347 48.08% 7 0.08%
1940 4,983 47.55% 5,479 52.29% 17 0.16%
1936 4,070 41.31% 5,731 58.17% 52 0.53%
1932 3,009 34.01% 5,772 65.24% 66 0.75%
1928 5,299 59.11% 3,647 40.68% 18 0.20%
1924 3,610 42.17% 4,709 55.01% 242 2.83%
1920 4,055 44.15% 5,030 54.76% 100 1.09%
1916 2,104 37.95% 3,337 60.19% 103 1.86%
1912 1,034 18.38% 3,247 57.70% 1,346 23.92%
1908 2,193 39.84% 3,143 57.10% 168 3.05%
1904 2,375 44.36% 2,750 51.36% 229 4.28%
1900 2,162 37.85% 3,350 58.65% 200 3.50%
1896 2,229 35.50% 3,975 63.31% 75 1.19%
1892 1,908 35.23% 3,027 55.89% 481 8.88%
1888 2,095 40.03% 3,015 57.60% 124 2.37%

Cass County was, up to World War II, solidly Democratic rooted in its strong secessionist sympathies during the Civil War. However, since 1952 it has become a strongly Republican county in presidential elections. Cass County strongly favored Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020. The last Democratic candidate to carry the county was Jimmy Carter in 1976.

Voters in Cass County generally adhere to socially and culturally conservative principles which tend to influence their Republican leanings. Despite Cass County's longstanding tradition of supporting socially conservative platforms, voters in the county have a penchant for advancing populist causes. In 2018, Missourians voted on a proposition (Proposition A) concerning right to work, the outcome of which ultimately reversed the right to work legislation passed in the state the previous year. 66.33% of Cass County voters cast their ballots to overturn the law.

Missouri presidential preference primaries

[edit]

2020

[edit]

The 2020 presidential primaries for both the Democratic and Republican parties were held in Missouri on March 10. On the Democratic side, former Vice President Joe Biden (D-Delaware) both won statewide and carried Cass County by a wide margin. Biden went on to defeat President Donald Trump in the general election.

Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Cass County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Joe Biden 5,839 63.43
Democratic Bernie Sanders 2,890 31.39
Democratic Tulsi Gabbard 81 0.88
Democratic Others/Uncommitted 396 4.30

Incumbent President Donald Trump (R-Florida) faced a primary challenge from former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld, but won both Cass County and statewide by overwhelming margins.

Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Cass County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Donald Trump 5,220 97.13
Republican Bill Weld 34 0.63
Republican Others/Uncommitted 120 2.23

2016

[edit]

The 2016 presidential primaries for both the Republican and Democratic parties were held in Missouri on March 15. Businessman Donald Trump (R-New York) narrowly won the state overall, but Senator Ted Cruz (R-Texas) carried a plurality of the vote in Cass County. Trump went on to win the nomination and the presidency.

Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Cass County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Ted Cruz 7,672 43.39
Republican Donald Trump 6,891 38.98
Republican John Kasich 1,650 9.33
Republican Marco Rubio 1,064 6.02
Republican Others/Uncommitted 403 2.28

On the Democratic side, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (D-New York) narrowly won statewide, but Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont) won a majority in Cass County.

Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Cass County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Bernie Sanders 4,187 52.07
Democratic Hillary Clinton 3,765 46.82
Democratic Others/Uncommitted 89 1.11

2012

[edit]

The 2012 Missouri Republican Presidential Primary's results were nonbinding on the state's national convention delegates. Voters in Cass County supported former U.S. Senator Rick Santorum (R-Pennsylvania), who finished first in the state at large, but eventually lost the nomination to former Governor Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts). Delegates to the congressional district and state conventions were chosen at a county caucus, which selected a delegation favoring Santorum. Incumbent President Barack Obama easily won the Missouri Democratic Primary and renomination. He defeated Romney in the general election.

2008

[edit]

In 2008, the Missouri Republican Presidential Primary was closely contested, with Senator John McCain (R-Arizona) prevailing and eventually winning the nomination. However, former Governor Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts) won a plurality in Cass County.

Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Cass County (2008)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Mitt Romney 3,324 32.55
Republican John McCain 3,195 31.28
Republican Mike Huckabee 3,033 29.70
Republican Ron Paul 477 4.67
Republican Others/Uncommitted 184 1.80

Then-Senator Hillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes than any candidate from either party in Cass County during the 2008 presidential primary. Despite initial reports that Clinton had won Missouri, Barack Obama (D-Illinois), also a Senator at the time, narrowly defeated her statewide and later became that year's Democratic nominee, going on to win the presidency.

Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Cass County (2008)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Clinton 6,500 59.76
Democratic Barack Obama 3,995 36.73
Democratic Others/Uncommitted 382 3.51

Communities

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Cities

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Villages

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Census-designated places

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Unincorporated Communities

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Notable people

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named. The State Historical Society of Missouri. pp. 272.
  4. ^ "Disappearing Missouri Names". The Kansas City Star. March 19, 1911. p. 15. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b The History of Cass and Bates Counties, Missouri. National Historical Company, Saint Joseph, Missouri. 1883. p. 272. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  6. ^ Harrison, E.S. Nome and Seward: History, Biography, Descriptions, and Stories. Internet Archive. p. 337. Gunn City Massacre
  7. ^ O'Flaherty, Daniel C. (1954). General Jo Shelby: Undefeated Rebel. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4878-6. republished 2000
  8. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  9. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  10. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  11. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  12. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  13. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  14. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  15. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Cass County, Missouri".
  16. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Cass County, MO" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022. - Text list
  17. ^ Breeding, Marshall. "Cass County Public Library". Libraries.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
  18. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Glenn, Allen. History of Cass County, Missouri (1917) online
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